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El náufrago solitario, en una isla perdida, no necesita del Derecho para ordenar su conducta. Si hay un concepto que pertenece a la esencia misma del Derecho es el de alteridad. El uno, el yo, el sí mismo, sin referencia al otro, carece de sentido jurídico.
Sin embargo, existen en nuestro Estado de Derecho ciertas clases de “otros” que agotan su presencia en la fórmula normativa, que jamás operan el salto vital de la letra a la realidad. Son los olvidados, los desatendidos, los ignorados, aquellos cuya dignidad como seres humanos es reconocida por la norma jurídica en grandilocuentes declaraciones de rango constitucional e internacional, pero desaparece en la vida cotidiana sepultada por el irrespeto y la soberbia de quienes ejercen el poder.
Y no nos llamemos a engaño: en el grupo de estos despreciados estamos la mayoría de los habitantes cuando el Derecho, a fuerza de haber perdido eficacia termina por perder también vigencia; y así es como pasamos de “gobernados” a “ninguneados” y como toda relación jurídica entre pueblo y gobierno se convierte en una mera relación de poder, de mando y obediencia. Y así es como el Derecho, que nace de la libertad humana, se transforma en arbitrariedad.
Vuelta a los principios. Cuando los funcionarios públicos de mayor rango ocultan la verdad o la tergiversan (el caso de Sardinal, el caso de los bonos chinos); cuando la participación ciudadana es vetada en temas ambientales pero bienvenida para un ocurrente llamado a reformar la Constitución; cuando los fondos públicos se utilizan para remodelar oficinas, construir estadios, pagar consultorías, pero no para erradicar tugurios, construir albergues y pagar comida para los hambrientos; cuando desde una curul legislativa puede proponerse el miedo como estrategia para doblegar voluntades sin perder el puesto; cuando el ejercicio de la función pública se aleja del principio de legalidad, de la moral y del bien común, no es válido hablar de “ingobernabilidad” y endilgarle a los gobernados (a los “ninguneados”) la responsabilidad que cabe a los gobernantes.
Ahora resulta que las leyes y las instituciones que velan por su correcta y oportuna aplicación (Defensoría, Contraloría, Procuraduría, Sala IV) pretenden “ningunearse” también llamándolas “trabas”, “obstáculos”, para el desarrollo; ¿para el desarrollo de qué, de quiénes? me permito preguntar. ¿Y cómo pueden constituir un obstáculo para algo leyes e instituciones que ni siquiera se respetan?, me permito agregar.
También resulta, ahora, que la falta de ética en el ejercicio de la función pública no constituye causal válida para perder la investidura si dicha falta se atribuye a los diputados. La falta de probidad haría perder su puesto a un barrendero municipal, a un oficinista de cualquier Ministerio, pero jamás a un diputado. ¡¿Se llamará, también, “ingobernabilidad” la reacción airada de tantos ciudadanos ante semejante dislate?!
Hemos llegado al colmo de la sinrazón con el planteo de una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos de una ley que obliga a la probidad en el ejercicio de la función pública. Según el promovente, diputado Fernando Sánchez, esta ley es inconstitucional porque quiebra el principio de igualdad. No entiendo, ¿los diputados no son “iguales” al resto de los servidores públicos en la obligada observancia de los postulados éticos, querrá decir? Definitivamente no entiendo; “vivir honestamente” se ha considerado regla jurídica elemental desde la época de los jurisconsultos romanos, ¿ya no?
Pero además, la alegada inconstitucionalidad resultaría de que “las causales de cancelación de las credenciales de los miembros de los Supremos Poderes son taxativas y su regulación es materia reservada a la Constitución”, y como en nuestra Ley Suprema no se incluye la falta de probidad como causal, la ley tiene vedado hacerlo. Así de simple. ¡El deber de probidad es inconstitucional! La probidad, que es integridad, honradez, rectitud, hombría de bien, honorabilidad, no es necesaria para conservar la credencial de diputado. ¡Vaya! ¿Dentro de los requisitos para el ejercicio de la función pública no se incluye a la idoneidad moral? ¿Y aún así podemos asegurar que vivimos en una República Democrática, en un Estado de Derecho?
Ha llegado la hora de un saludable, imprescindible, retorno a los principios. Como bien decía Don Rodolfo Piza, eximio maestro, irreparable ausencia, “Interpretar el Derecho, en cualquiera de sus acepciones posibles, sin acudir a sus principios generales, sería tanto como rebajar las normas jurídicas al más simple nivel del lenguaje, tiranizándolas antes que liberalizándolas, …La verdad es que, sin acudir a la interpretación de conformidad con principios, no es posible explicarse ninguna interpretación del Derecho, y la jurisprudencia que prescinda de hacerlo se convierte en un estéril ejercicio.”
Principio democrático y poder delegado. Exigir a los diputados probidad en el desempeño de sus funciones y considerar la violación a este deber jurídico como causa de pérdida de las credenciales, no es más que aplicar los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad en el desarrollo legal de los valores jurídicos fundamentales consagrados constitucionalmente. Muy por el contrario, eximir a los representantes del pueblo del respeto a las normas éticas no solo sería irrazonable sino que sería contrario al principio democrático.
En efecto, si la autoridad de los gobernantes deriva de la voluntad popular y les es concedida en calidad de simples depositarios, y si el mismo pueblo está limitado en su conducta por las normas morales (artículo 28 de la Constitución Política), mal podrían sus representantes ir más allá de los límites que afectan a sus representados. No por ser tristemente cotidiano deja de ser antijurídico que quienes ejercen el poder delegado excedan los límites de tal delegación. Por otra parte, nadie puede transferir a otro un derecho que no tiene, viejísimo adagio romano de una lógica tan palmaria como irrefutable.
Buena parte de los asuntos aquí mencionados han sido sometidos al conocimiento de la Sala Constitucional. El Pueblo, que también gobierna según la Constitución (artículo 9) pero que permanece en la penumbra, “ninguneado”, según indica la realidad, se ha presentado ante la Sala como promovente y mediante coadyuvancias; el Pueblo espera que la Sala restablezca la efectiva vigencia de los principios y las normas constitucionales, que refuerce los maltrechos cimientos de nuestro Estado de Derecho, que alumbre una nueva esperanza de credibilidad en el sistema democrático orientado a la búsqueda del bien común, porque:
“… un verdadero sistema de democracia representativa es aquel que se esfuerza en partir de la confianza del pueblo en la designación de sus gobernantes y también por mantenerla constantemente viva, como exige la estructura real de la confianza o fiducia, de modo que el pueblo se reconozca siempre como titular del poder y beneficiario único de sus actuaciones…”(Dictamen de la CIDH, del 27 de diciembre de 1999 in re “Aylwin Azocar, Andrés y otros.)
Una vez más, el Pueblo reclama contra la arbitraria pretensión de silenciar su voz, de arrebatar su condición de sujeto de derecho, de menoscabar su auténtica condición de soberano. Una vez más el Pueblo hace gala de paciencia histórica y respeto por la juridicidad acudiendo ante los estrados de los Tribunales. Proveer de conformidad, será justicia.
*Abogada.
martes, 16 de diciembre de 2008
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Both women and men can have the pressures of maintaining their wardrobe up-to-date and in time, yet men's fashion usually seems a lot easier. Of course, for both genders, clothes and style options can be quite as intricate, and there are several'modern'items which can rapidly become fashion faux pas - who can say they frequently see people walking on in 70s flames? On the other hand, men's style has a few staple items which will exist eternally - which man is going to watch out of place with a good-quality, tailored suit, for instance? Select basic pieces, colors and materials and you'll never look out-of-place.
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Modern movements in traditional men's fashion
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